SUBJECT INDEX
- 2k experimental designs, 280, 283292
- 2kp experimental designs, 314326
- 2kr experimental designs, 293313
- 22r experimental designs, 293308
- 6502 processor, xxvii, 166
- 68000 processor, xii, 275, 276, 281, 282, 359,
- 360, 361, 365, 367
- Z8002 processor, 167, 360, 361, 365
- 8080 processor, 16, 276
- 8086 processor, xii, 275, 281, 282, 359
- 80286 processor, 282
- Abnormal events monitoring, 9798
- Absolute deviation, mean, 193, 194, 197
- Accounting logs, 114, 116121, 176
- analysis of, 117119
- data recorded in, 117119
- interpretation of, 117119
- use of, 119121
- workoad characterization using, 121
- Accuracy vs. correctness, 32
- Ackermann benchmark, 50, 53, 167, 358,
- 359, 360, 361, 365
- SIMULA listing of, 53
- ACM, 8, 9
- Ada, 359
- Addition instruction, 48
- Additive model, 303306
- Advertising, by monitors, 105
- AFIPS, 9
- Agglomerative clustering techniques, 87
- Aggregate subnetwork, 614, 615, 618
- Airline reservation systems, 570
- ALGOLlike languages, 53
- ALGOL programs, 54
- Algorithm(s):
- convolution, 590, 593607
- correlation, 606607
- eventset, 408
- page replacement, 382
- paging, 404
- Allocation of variation, 226228, 295298, 331332, 372374
- Alternatives comparison:
- several, 327
- two, 208209, 218
- ALU (arithmetic logic units), 23, 61, 62, 66
- Amdahls law validation, 257, 258
- American Federation of Information
- Processing Societies, see AFIPS
- Analysis, 106
- bottleneck, 563568
- cache, 404
- complex, 19
- coverage, 112
- data, 97, 102
- factor, 77
- mean value, 570, 575579
- principalcomponent, 7680
- stressload, 132
- user participation in, 397
- Analysis rat holes, 161
- Analysis tools, commercial, 175
- Analytical modeling, when to use, 31
- Analyzer, in monitors, 106
- ANOVA (analysis of variance), 250253, 332334, 374
- ANOVA table:
- onefactor designs, with equal sample
- sizes, 333
- for simple linear regression, 252
- for twofactor design, without replication, 374
- twofactor designs, with replication, 334
- Antibugging, 416
- Application benchmarks, 5152
- Applied Computer Research, 10
- Approximate MVA, 579585
- Approximation:
- for chisquare quantiles, 638
- for Fquantiles, 638
- for normal quantiles, 198, 638
- for statistical tables, 638
- Arc sine transformation, 261
- ARGUS operating system, 230232, 239, 240, 256
- Arithmetic logic units, see ALU
- Arithmetic mean, 70, 73, 188, 305
- Arrival rate, effective, 512, 513514, 536537, 538, 539
- Arrivals, 507508, 510, 513515, 551
- bulk Poisson, 510
- discouraged, 540
- Poisson, 508
- responsedependent, 621
- train, 621
- Artifact, 94
- Art of:
- data presentation, 139163
- performance evaluation, 7
- workload selection, 6069
- Assertion checking, 112
- Assumptions validation, 421
- Asymmetric plot, 199, 200
- Asymptotic bounds, 564567
- Autocovariance, 432, 465466
- Autoregressive sequence, 444
- Availability, 34, 40, 43
- Averaging, 73, 182
- queue length, 429430
- utilization, 190
- waiting time, 429430
- Balance, job flow, 551
- Balanced job bounds, 585591
- Balanced system, 585
- Bandwidth, 39
- Banking systems, 5657, 570
- Bar chart, 140, 144
- Baseline validation, 126
- Base system for ratio games, 165167
- Batch computer systems, 594
- Batches, 427428
- Batch means, 427428, 431, 432
- Batch monitors, 95
- BCMP networks, 551
- Benchmark(s), 47, 52 See also Workload
- Ackermann, 50, 53, 167, 358, 359, 360, 361, 365
- application, 5152
- debitcredit, 57, 175
- Dhrystone, 55, 345, 346, 357
- Doduc, 58
- eqntott, 58
- espresso, 58
- fpppp, 59
- GCC, 58
- LINPACK, 55
- LISP interpreter, 58
- matrix, 58
- NASA7, 58
- puzzle, 50, 167, 359, 360, 361, 365
- sieve, 50, 52, 175, 345, 346, 357, 359
- SPEC, 58
- spice, 58
- tomcatv, 59
- towers of Hanoi, 167, 360, 361, 365
- TPC, 58
- Whetstone, 54, 55
- Benchmarking, 52
- games, 130131
- mistakes in, 127130
- Bernoulli distribution, 483484, 499, 500
- use of, 483484
- variate generation, 480, 483484
- Bernoulli trials, 483
- Beta distribution, 484485
- use of, 484
- variate generation, 480, 485
- Biased goals, 15
- Bimodal distributions, 183
- Binary ncube networks, 433
- Binomial distribution, 485486, 499, 500
- use of, 486, 492493
- variate generation, 480, 486
- Birthdeath processes, 516, 519522
- Bits, random, 457
- Blocking, 552, 621
- Bottleneck analysis, 563568
- Bottleneck device, 34, 558, 563
- Bounds:
- asymptotic, 564567
- balanced job, 585591
- BoxCox transformations, 262263, 264
- BoxMueller method, 494
- bps (bits per second), 38
- Broken scales in column charts, 149
- Buckets, see Cells or buckets, in histograms
- Buffers, 509
- in monitors, 96, 128
- in queues, 534540
- Bulk arrivals, 510
- Poisson, 510
- Bulk service, 510
- Busy period, 524
- Cache(s):
- analysis, 404
- comparison, 345347
- design alternatives, 352
- disk, 574
- hit ratios, 187
- miss ratios, 187
- in multiprocess environment, 353
- Caching effects, 128
- CACI, 502
- Calendar queues, 410
- Capacity, 39
- knee, 39, 125
- nominal, 39, 125
- usable, 125
- Capacity management, 123
- Capacity planning, 123127, 176
- commercial products, 176
- problems in, 125
- steps in, 124
- Categorical predictors in regression models, 254257
- Categorical variables, see Qualitative variables
- Cauchy variate, 480
- CDF, see Cumulative Distribution Function
- Cells or buckets, in histograms, 75
- size, 149, 197198
- Central limit theorem, 182
- Central processing unit (CPU), 4
- Central server model, 552
- Central subsystem, 586
- Central tendencies, indices of, 183
- Certification, component, 132
- ChandyHerzogWoo theorem, 615
- Channels, 26
- Characteristic polynomial, 445
- Characterization method, 480481
- Chart(s):
- Gantt, 149152, 163
- graphic, 140, 141145, 176
- bar, 140
- column, 140, 145
- broken scales in, 149
- guidelines for preparing, 141
- line, 140
- misuse of, 145
- mistakes in, 163
- mistakes in preparing, 144145
- Schumacher, 160
- Checklist:
- for avoiding mistakes, in evaluation, 22
- graphic charts, 143
- for regression analysis, 269270
- for simulations, 398
- Chisquare distance, 86
- Chisquare distribution, 486487
- quantiles of, 632633
- approximation for, 638
- use of, 486
- variate generation, 480, 486487
- Chisquare test, 461462
- CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer), 16
- Classes of jobs, 548, 551
- Clock, simulation, 503
- Clockadvancing mechanisms, 407
- Closed models, 400401
- Closed queueing networks, 547548
- Clustering analysis, 8386, 175
- agglomerative techniques, 87
- divisive techniques, 87
- interpretation, 90
- problems with, 9091, 175
- CMG (Computer Measurement Group), 10, 176
- Code:
- optimization, 114, 120
- restructuring, 120
- Code size comparison study, 167, 329, 365, 390
- Coefficient:
- of correlation, 267
- of determination, 227, 240, 246, 267
- of multiple correlation, 246, 249
- of skewness, 197
- Coefficient of Variation (C.O.V.), 74, 181, 197
- Collinearity, 253254
- Column chart, 140, 144, 145
- broken scales in, 149
- Commercial products:
- for capacity planning, 176
- for monitoring, 175
- for performance analysis, 175
- Comparators, 98
- Comparison of systems, 203220
- several, 327
- two, 211, 218, 327
- Completeness, of metrics, 35
- Complex analysis, 19
- Component certification, 132
- Components, principal, 77
- Component under study (CUS), 61, 62
- Composition method, 493. See also Decomposition method
- Compression, data, 97
- Computation of errors, 372
- Computer network(s):
- combining performance of layers, 187
- comparison of algorithms, 218
- comparison of architectures, 168
- congestion control, 35, 414, 415
- flow control, 592
- gateway, 524, 556, 568
- Kiviat graphs for, 159
- local area, 39, 415, 621
- metrics for, 35, 159
- power, 592
- queueing models for, 592
- requirement specification, 42
- simulation, 414415
- workload for, 6365, 77, 82, 621
- COMTEN, 175
- Conclusion validation, 421
- Concurrent simulation, 503
- Conferences, performance, 8
- Confidence coefficient, 204
- Confidence interval(s), 147, 204, 219
- for mean, 204207
- onesided, 219
- twosided, 219
- meaning of, 206
- for model parameters, 229232, 298299, 335337, 351353, 374379
- for model predictions, 232234, 299301
- onesided, 213215
- for proportions, 215216
- onesided, 219
- twosided, 219
- for regression parameters, 267
- vs. hypothesis testing, 213
- Confidence level, 204
- choosing a value for, 212
- Configuration monitoring, 108
- Configuration summarizing, 202
- Confirmation experiment, 300
- Confounding, 318320
- algebra of, 320321
- Congestion control:
- metrics selection, 35
- simulation model, 414, 415
- Consistency tests, 420
- Console, 102103
- functions, 109
- Constant standard deviation of errors, 237
- Contention, server, 621
- Continuity test, 418419
- Continuous distributions, relationship among, 500
- Continuousevent models, 399
- Continuous simulation languages, 403
- Continuousstate models, 399
- Continuousstate processes, 515516
- Continuoustime models, 399
- Continuous variables, 140
- Contrasts, 285, 299, 301, 336
- Convolution, 596
- Convolution algorithm, 590, 593607
- Convolution method, 479480
- Correctness vs. accuracy, 32
- Correlated observations, variance of the mean, 430431
- Correlated predictor variables, 268
- Correlation, 181
- coefficient of multiple, 246
- Correlation coefficient, 181
- Cost/performance ratio, 40
- Counters, 97
- overflow, 97
- C.O.V., see Coefficient of Variation
- Covariance, 181, 465
- Coverage analysis, 112
- CPM operating system, 282
- CPU, see Central processing unit
- CPU keelboat Kiviat graph, 155
- CPU scheduling, 404
- simulation, 398, 407, 423424, 428430, 433
- Crashes, time between system, 214
- Crossbar interconnection networks, 289290
- C/70 processor, 167, 360, 361, 365
- CSMP, 403
- Cumulative distribution function (CDF), 180.
- See also Distributions; particular distributions
- Curvilinear regression, 257
- CUS (component under study), 61, 62
- Customers, in a queue, 507, 510
- Cycle, regeneration, 434
- Cycle length, 438
- Databases, Kiviat graphs for, 159
- Database systems, 6, 12, 201, 242, 545
- Data deletion, initial, 424425
- Datametrics, 176
- Data presentation, 20, 25, 102, 106108, 139163
- Data structures:
- calendar queues, 410
- heap, 410, 411
- indexed linear list, 409
- ordered linked list, 409
- tree, 410, 411
- dB (decibels), 262
- Deadlock, 503
- Deadlock prevention algorithms, 404
- Debitcredit benchmark, 57, 175
- pseudocode, 57
- Decibels (dB), 262
- Deciles, 194
- Decision maker, 17
- Decision makers games, 162
- Decomposition, hierarchical, 608, 613620
- Decomposition method, 478479
- Defections from a queue, 622
- Degeneracy tests, 419
- Degrees of freedom, 194, 228, 250, 299, 300, 332, 348, 374, 489
- Delay center, 509, 534, 551, 553, 563, 576, 586, 602
- Deletion, initial data, 424425
- Demands, skewness of, 128
- Dendrogram, 89
- Density function, probability, 180
- Design, resolution, 321326
- Designated subnetwork, 615
- Destination, 35
- Detail, level of, 18, 6667, 394
- Determination, coefficient of, 240
- Deterministic distribution, 509
- Deterministic models, 400
- for verification, 417
- Deviation, mean absolute, 193, 194, 197
- Device, 510
- bottleneck, 558, 563
- Device demands, skewness of, 128
- Device homogeneity, 552
- Dhrystone benchmark, 5556, 345, 346, 357
- DIPS (Dhrystone instructions per second), 55
- Discouraged arrivals, 540
- Discrete distributions, relationship among, 500
- Discrete event:
- models, 399
- simulation, 406408
- components of, 407408
- languages, 403
- Discrete state:
- models, 399
- processes, 515516
- Discrete uniform distribution, 498
- use of, 498
- variate generation, 498
- Discrete variables, 140
- Disk cache, modeling effect of, 574
- Dispersion, indices of, 193
- selecting, 195196
- Displays, graphic, 418
- Distance metrics, 86
- chisquare, 86
- Euclidean, 86
- Distributed simulation, 503
- Distributedsystem monitors, 101109
- Distributed systems, 101109, 200, 568
- Distribution of data, determining, 196199
- Distribution function, cumulative, 180
- Distributions:
- asymmetric, 199, 200
- commonly used, 483501
- Bernoulli, 483484, 499, 500
- use of, 483484
- variate generation, 480, 483484
- beta, 484485
- use of, 484
- variate generation, 480, 485
- binomial, 485486, 499
- use of, 492493
- variate generation, 480, 486
- chisquare, 486487
- approximation for, 638
- quantiles of, 632633
- use of, 486
- variate generation, 480, 486487
- deterministic, 509
- Erlang, 201, 487488, 509
- use of, 497
- variate generation, 488
- exponential, 488489, 509, 510
- truncated, 523524, 531
- use of, 488
- variate generation, 475, 477, 489
- extreme value, 477
- F, 489490
- approximation for, 638
- percentiles of, 636
- use of, 490
- variate generation, 490
- gamma, 490491
- use of, 490
- variate generation, 480, 490
- general, 509
- geometric, 200, 491
- use of, 491
- variate generation, 477, 491
- hyperexponential, 509, 510
- KS (KolmogorovSmirnov), quantiles of, 637
- Laplace, variate generation, 480
- logistic, variate generation, 477
- lognormal, 492
- use of, 492
- variate generation, 480, 492
- negative binomial, 492493
- use of, 486, 492493
- variate distribution, 493
- variate generation, 493
- normal, 493494, 499, 500
- approximation for, 198199, 638
- area under, 628, 638
- quantiles of, 629, 630
- standard, 181182, 493
- test for, 237, 302
- unit, 181182, 493
- use of, 494
- variate generation, 480, 494
- Pareto, 201, 495
- use of, 495
- variate generation, 477, 495
- Pascal, 495496
- use of, 495
- variate generation, 480, 496
- Poisson, 201, 499, 500
- use of, 486, 493, 496
- variate generation, 480, 496
- relationships among, 500
- t, 497
- quantiles of, 631
- variate generation, 497
- triangular, variate generation, 480
- uniform (continuous), 497498
- use of, 497
- variate generation, 498
- uniform (discrete), 498
- use of, 498
- variate generation, 498
- Weibull, 499
- use of, 499
- variate generation, 477, 499
- Distributivity, k, 452, 467470
- Divisive clustering techniques, 87
- Documentation, 397, 437
- Doduc benchmark, 58
- Domain of monitors, 94
- Doublewhammy graph, 147
- Doublylinked list, 409
- Downtime, 40
- Drivers, load, 132
- Dynamic allocation of storage, 404
- Dynamic memory management, 408
- Dynamic models, 400
- DYNAMO, 403
- Editing sessions, 74, 122
- EDP performance review, 10, 176
- Educational environments, program usage in, 74
- Effective arrival rate, 512, 513514, 536537, 538, 539
- Effects:
- computation of, 285286, 294, 328329, 369372
- confidence intervals for, 335337, 351353
- Efficiency, programs, improvement of, 176
- Efficiency of multiprocessor systems, 39
- 8080 processor, 166, 276
- 8086 processor, xii, 275, 281, 282
- 80286 processor, 282
- Empirical distributions, generation, 475476
- Emulation, 403
- keyboard monitor, 176
- remote terminal, see Remoteterminal emulator
- workstation, 138
- Encryption, performance of, 243, 271
- End systems, 35
- Eqntott benchmark, 58
- Erlang distribution, 201, 487488, 509
- use of, 487
- variate generation, 480, 488
- Erlangs C formula, 530
- Erlangs loss formula, 536
- Erroneous analysis, 18, See also Games;
- Mistakes; Misuses
- Error, 34, 222
- standard, 205, 219
- Errorfree seconds, 40
- Error monitoring, 108
- Errors, computation of, 372
- Errors in input, 19
- Espresso benchmark, 58
- Euclidean distance, 86
- weighted, 86
- Evaluation:
- mistakes in, 1422
- performance, 8, 10, 16
- avoiding mistakes in, 22
- checklist, 22
- systematic approach to, 2226
- technique(s), 16
- selection of, 24, 3033
- Event, 94
- notices, 408
- routines, 407
- scheduling, 407, 503
- trace, 418
- Eventdriven monitors, 95
- Eventdriven simulation, 407
- Events, independent, 179
- Eventset algorithms, 408, 502
- Exclusion, mutual, 621
- Executable workload, 67
- Execution profile, 112
- Exerciser loops, 5051
- Expected value, 180
- Experimental design, 273282
- mistakes in, 277, 278279
- terminology, 275278
- Experimental designs, types of, 279282
- fractional factorial, 18, 25, 281
- full factorial, 18, 280, 343367
- halfreplicate, 314
- k factor, 381389
- onefactor, 327, 337342
- twofactor:
- multiplicative models for, 353359
- with replications, 368380
- without replications, 343367
- 2k factorial, 280, 283292
- 2kr factorial, 293313
- 22 factorial, 284285
- 22r factorial, 293308
- 2kp fractional factorial, 314326
- Experimental errors, 222, 278
- estimation of, 294295, 346, 372
- estimation of SSE, 329330
- standard deviation of, 228
- test for independence, 234, 235, 237, 302, 324
- Experimental unit, 277
- Expert intuition, 421
- Explicit instrumenting, 104
- Exponential distribution, 488489, 509, 510
- truncated, 523524, 531
- use of, 488
- variate generation, 475, 476, 489
- Extended Fibonacci generators, 450
- Extreme value distribution, 476
- Factor analysis, 77
- Factors, 17, 24, 77, 221, 276
- principal, 7781
- selection of, 24
- Fairness index, 36
- FCFS (first come, first served), 509, 541, 551
- F distribution, 489490
- approximation for, 638
- percentiles of, 636
- use of, 490
- variate generation, 490
- FEC (FlowEquivalent Center), 611
- Feedback shift register(s)
- generalized, 449, 503
- linear, 446
- Fibonacci generators, 450
- FIFO (first in, first out), 382, 383, 385
- Figure of merit, 155, 157158
- File servers, 200, 568, 572573
- Filters, 104
- Final conditions, 429
- Finite buffer systems, 534540
- Firmware monitors, 100101
- First come, first served (FCFS), 509, 541, 551
- Fixedcapacity service centers, 553, 570, 575, 576, 609
- Flow balance, job, 551, 555
- Flow control in computer networks, 592
- FlowEquivalent Center (FEC), 611
- Flow law, forced, 557560
- FOM, see Figure of merit
- Forced flow law, 557560
- Fork and join, 621
- FORTRAN, as a simulation language, 402
- Fpppp benchmark, 59
- Fractile, 194
- Fractional factorial designs, 25, 281, 314326
- Freedom, degrees of, 228, 332, 374, 489
- Ftest, 251, 267, 298, 333
- Full factorial design, 280, 281
- Function:
- Ackermanns, 50, 53
- cumulative distribution, 180
- probability density, 180
- probability mass, 180
- Games:
- benchmarking, 130131
- decision makers, 162
- percentage, 169170
- pictorial, 146
- ratio, 8, 165174
- winning, 170173
- Gamma distribution, 490491
- use of, 490
- variate generation, 480, 490
- Gantt charts, 149152, 163
- Garbage collection, 263, 311313
- GASP, 402, 403, 409, 502
- Gateway response time, 527
- Gateways, in networks, 524, 556, 568
- Gaussian, see Normal distribution
- GCC benchmark, 58
- Generalized feedback shift register (GFSR), 449, 503
- Generator polynomial, 320
- Generators, load, 4
- Geometric distribution(s), 200, 491
- use of, 491
- variate generation, 477, 491
- Geometric mean, 187, 197, 271
- GFSR (generalized feedback shift register), 449, 503
- G/G/m queueing system, 544
- Gibson instruction mix, 48, 49, 175
- Global metrics, 34
- G/M/1 queueing system, 543544
- Goals, 1415
- biased, 15
- setting, 15
- SMART, 42
- Gordon and Newells method, 595
- GPSS, 403, 409, 502
- Grand mean, 328
- Graphic charts, 140, 141145, 176
- checklist for, 143
- guidelines for, 141
- mistakes in, 163
- Graphic displays, 418
- Graphs:
- doublewhammy, 147
- Kiviat, 153159
- Grid lines, 145
- Halfreplicate design, 314
- Hanoi, towers of, benchmark, 167, 360, 361, 365
- Hardware mapping, 98
- Hardware monitors, 98
- vs. software monitors, 98100, 101
- Harmonic mean, 188189, 197
- HB (higher is better) metric, 40, 153, 154, 168, 171, 172, 386
- Heap, 410, 411
- Hierarchical decomposition, 608, 613620
- Histogram, 144
- broken scales in, 149
- bucket (cell) sizes, 147
- multiparameter, 76, 175
- singleparameter, 75
- Hit ratios, cache, 187
- Homogeneity:
- device, 552
- routing, 552
- Homoscedasticity, 237, 261
- HP9000/840 processor, 354
- Hybrid monitor, 101, 103, 175
- Hyperexponential distribution, 509
- Hypothesis testing, 213
- iAPX 432, Intel, processor, 358, 359
- IBM, 452
- IBM PC, 69, 109
- IBM PCjr, 69
- Idle time, 39
- IEEE, 8, 11
- IFIP working group, 9
- IID (independent and identically distributed), 241, 247, 461, 501, 507,
- 508, 516, 557
- Implicit spying, 104
- IMSL, 452
- Independent and identically distributed (IID), see IID
- Independent errors, test for, 234, 235, 237, 302
- Independent events, 179
- Independent job behavior, 552
- Independent replications, 426427, 431
- Indexed linear list, 409
- Indices of central tendencies, 183
- Indices of dispersion, 193, 194, 195196
- Indirect binary ncube networks, 433
- Individual metrics, 34
- Infinite servers (IS), 509, 551, 553
- Informal methods, 386389
- Information systems, 242
- INFORS, 10
- Inherited time, 113
- Initial conditions, 129, 395
- Initial data deletion, 424425
- Initialization:
- proper, 423424
- test for incorrect, 236
- Input:
- errors, 19
- rate, 94
- routine, 407
- width, 94
- Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), 8, 11
- Instruction mix, 4849
- Gibson, 48, 49
- Instrumentation mechanisms, 113
- Instrumentation of programs, 175
- Integration of systems, 132
- Intel iAPX 432 processor, 358, 359
- Intensity, traffic, 522
- Interacting factors, 279
- Interaction, 277, 279
- Interactive response time law, 563
- Interarrival times, 507
- Interconnection networks:
- comparison of, 289290
- Crossbar, 289290
- memory, 289290
- Omega, 289290
- simulation, 433
- Intergroup variance, 87
- Intermediate systems, 35
- Internal driver, 132
- International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP), 9
- International Federation of Operational Research Societies (INFORS), 10
- Interpretation:
- of accounting logs, 117119
- of clustering results, 90
- of data, 25, 102
- of monitor results, 109
- of normal quantilequantile plots, 199, 200
- Interquartile range, 194
- Intragroup variance, 87
- Intuition, expert, 421
- Invalid models, 394395
- Inverse transformation, 474476
- I/Oarrow Kiviat graph, 155, 156
- I/Obound programs, 120
- I/O optimization, 114
- I/Owedge Kiviat graph, 155
- IS (infinite servers), 509, 551, 553
- Jackson networks, 551
- Job behavior, independent, 552
- Job bounds, balanced, 585591, 590
- Job flow balance, 551, 555
- Jobs, 510
- classes of, 548, 551
- in a system, distribution of, 593595, 616, 619
- Join and fork, 621
- Journals, performance, 8, 9, 10
- kdimensional uniformity, 452, 467470
- kdistributivity, 452, 467470
- Keelboat Kiviat graph, CPU, 155
- Kendall notation, 509
- Kernels, 4950, 175
- 2k experimental design, 280, 283292
- Keyboard emulation monitor, 176
- k factor experimental designs, 381389
- Kilo Whetstone Instructions Per Second (KWIPS), 55
- Kiviat graphs, 153159, 176
- for computer networks, 159
- CPUkeelboat, 155
- for databases, 159
- I/Oarrow, 155, 156
- I/Owedge, 155
- shapes of, 155159
- Knee, 565
- capacity, 39, 125
- Knowledgebased simulation, 503, 504
- KolmogorovSmirnov test, see KS test
- 2kp experimental design, 314326
- sign table for, 316317
- 2kr experimental design, 293313
- KS (KolmogorovSmirnov) distribution, quantiles of, 637
- KS (KolmogorovSmirnov) test, 462465
- comparison with chisquare test, 465
- KWIPS, 55
- Lagrange multiplier technique, 241
- Languages, for monitors, 97
- LAN (local area network), 415, 621
- Laplace distribution, variate generation, 480
- Last Come, First Served (LCFS), with Preempt and Resume, 509, 551
- LaTex, 322
- Law(s):
- Amdahls, 257, 258
- forced flow, 557560
- Littles, 512, 513515, 560
- operational, 555568
- definition, 556
- response time:
- general, 561562
- interactive, 563
- of slow creation, 121
- utilization, 556
- Lawrence Livermore loops, 56
- LB (lower is better) metric, 40, 153, 154, 168, 171, 172, 386
- LCFS (Last Come, First Served), 509, 541
- LCFSPR (with Preempt and Resume), 509, 551
- LCG, see Linearcongruential generators
- Leastsquares criterion, 223
- Leftskewed pdf, see Skewed distribution
- Legend box, 141
- Length of simulation, 429430
- Level(s), 24, 255, 276
- of accuracy, 32
- of confidence, 204, 212213
- of detail, 18, 6667, 394
- of loading, 69
- of significance, 204
- LFSR (linearfeedback shift register), 446
- Libraries, probepoint, 98
- Limitations, of queueing theory, 620622
- Limit theorem, central, 182
- Linearcongruential generators, 439440
- mixed, 440
- multiplicative, 441444
- with m = 2k, 441
- with m ≠ 2k, 441
- Linearfeedback shift register, see LFSR
- Linearizer algorithm, 624
- Linear list, indexed, 409
- Linear models, 400
- Linear regression models, 221243
- multiple, 244, 245250
- simple, 221243
- Linear relationship, 266
- test for, 235
- Line chart, 140, 144, 145
- misuse of, 145
- Lines, grid, 145
- Linked list:
- doubly, 409
- ordered, 409
- UNPACK benchmark, 55
- LISP interpreter benchmark, 58
- Littles law, 512, 513515, 560
- Live operators, 132
- Livermore loops, Lawrence, 56
- Load:
- drivers, 132
- generators, 4
- Loaddependent:
- arrivals, 621
- service center, 554, 608613
- Loading level, 69, 77, 128
- Local area network (LAN), 39, 415, 621
- Local information, 552
- Locality of reference, 120
- Logic elements, 98
- Logistic distribution, variate generation, 477
- Lognormal distribution, 492
- use of, 492
- variate generation, 480, 492
- Log transformation, 260261
- Long runs, 423
- Loops, Lawrence Livermore, 56
- Loss formula, Erlangs, 536
- Lottery, 212
- Machine repairman model, 552
- Macintosh, 69
- Magnetic tape backup systems, 6566
- Majorizing function, 476
- Management of capacity, 123
- steps in, 124
- Management of systems, 103
- Manager, system, 103
- Manytomany mapping, 103
- Mapping hardware, 98
- Markoff, see Markov entries
- Markov chain, 516
- Markov models, 8182
- Markov processes, 516
- Mass function, probability, 180
- Matrix:
- benchmark, 58
- transition, 8182
- M/D/1 queue, 542543
- Mean, 180, 183
- arithmetic, 73, 188, 197
- confidence interval for, 204207
- geometric, 187, 191, 197
- harmonic, 188189, 197
- misuses of, 186
- of ratio, 189192
- relationship to median, mode, 183186
- sample size for determining, 216217
- selecting median, mode, and, 183186
- standard error of, 205, 219
- of sums, 181
- testing for zero, 207208, 216
- Mean absolute deviation, 193, 194, 197
- Mean arithmetic, 305
- Mean queue length, 429430, 602
- Mean square of errors, 251, 299. See also MSE (mean squared error)
- Mean time to failure (MTTF), 40
- Meanvalue analysis, 570, 575579
- approximate, 579585
- with loaddependent centers, 608613
- Schweitzers approximation, 580, 581
- Mean waiting time, 429
- Measure, when to, 30
- Measured data:
- for simulation validation, 422
- summarizing, 179, 182183
- validation of, 32, 129
- Measurement techniques, program, 113
- Median, 181, 197
- relationship to mean, mode, 183186
- selecting mean, mode, and, 183186
- Memoryless distribution, 488489, 509
- Memory management, dynamic, 408
- Memory management systems, 311, 622
- Method of subsamples, see Batch means
- Metrics, 4, 23
- commonly used, 36
- for computer networks, 159
- distance, 86
- global, 34
- HB (higher is better), 40, 153, 154, 168, 386
- individual, 34
- LB (lower is better), 40, 153, 154, 168, 386
- mistake in selecting, 16
- NB (nominal is best), 40
- selection, 3337, 61
- utility classification of, 40
- MFLOPS, 38, 49, 56
- M/G/1 queue, 540541
- M/G/∞ queue, 543
- Millions of Floatingpoint Operations Per Second, see MFLOPS
- Millions of Instructions per Second, see MIPS
- Minimal standard random number generator, 452
- Minimum spanning tree method, 87
- MIPS, 16, 38, 49
- averaging, 188
- Missing observations, 360366
- Miss ratios, cache, 187
- Mistakes:
- in benchmarking, 127130
- in charts, 144145
- in evaluation, 1422
- how to avoid, 1429
- in experimental design, 277, 278279
- in model validation, 583
- in queueing approximations, 583
- in regression, 266269
- in selecting metrics, 16
- in simulation, 393397
- Misuses:
- of line charts, 145
- of means, 186
- of percentages, 170
- of statistics, 271
- Mixed linearcongruential generators, 440
- Mixed queueing networks, 548
- M/M/m/B queue, 534540
- M/M/m queue, 527534
- M/M/∞ queue, 540
- M/M/1 queue, 522526
- Mode, 181, 197
- relationship to mean, median, 183186
- selecting mean, median, and, 183186
- Modeling error, see Error
- Model parameter estimation, 223226, 284285, 294, 328, 344346, 370
- Model(s):
- additive, 303306
- central server, 552
- definition of a good, 222223
- deterministic, 400, 417
- for experimental designs, 327, 344346, 368369, 381382
- linear and nonlinear, 400
- linear regression, 221243
- multiple, 244, 245250
- simple, 221243
- machinerepairman, 552
- Markov, 8182
- multiplicative, 303308, 353359
- open and closed, 400401
- probabilistic, 400
- queueing network, 553
- stable and unstable, 401
- static and dynamic, 400
- stochastic, 10
- Model validation, 413414
- mistakes in, 583
- techniques, 420
- Model verification, 413414
- Modular design, 414416
- Modularity, 414
- Modulus, 439
- Monitor(s), 4, 93110, 175
- accounting logs as, 114, 116121
- activation mechanisms for, 9596
- advertising by, 105
- buffer size in, 96
- data collection in, 105
- priority, 97
- soliciting by, 105
- terminology, 94
- types of, 9495
- commercially available, 175
- distributed system, 101109
- hardware, 98
- keyboard emulation, 176
- program execution, 111114
- software, 95, 175
- Monitoring:
- abnormal events, 9798
- onoff switch for, 97
- overhead, 129
- reasons for, 93
- Monitor languages, 97
- Monte Carlo simulation, 403
- Moving average method, 427
- MSA (Mean Square of A), 333
- MSDOS, 70, 282
- MSE (mean squared error), 229, 246, 251, 299, 333, 348
- MSR (mean squared residual), 246, 251
- MTTF, see Mean time to failure
- Multicollinearity, 253254
- Multiparameter histograms, 76, 175
- Multiple correlation coefficient, 246, 249
- Multiple linear regression, 244, 245250, 266. See also Linear regression models
- Multiplicative linearcongruential generator, 440444
- with m ≠ 2k, 441
- Multiplicative models
- for 22r experiments, 303308
- for twofactor experiments, 353359
- Multiplier, 439
- Multiprocessor systems, 527
- Multistream simulations, 454
- Myths, random number generation, 455458
- Name server, 518
- NASA7 benchmark, 58
- NB (nominal is best) metric, 40
- Negative binomial distribution, 492493
- use of, 486, 492493
- Nominal capacity, 38, 125
- Nondistributed systems, 101
- Nonexecutable workload, 67
- Nonexponential service times, 620621
- Noninteracting factors, 279
- Nonlinear models, 400
- Nonproduct form networks, 620
- Nonredundancy of metrics, 35
- Nonregenerative simulation, 434
- Nonzero origins in charts, 146
- Normal distribution, 181182, 493494, 499, 500
- approximation for, 198199, 638
- area under, 628, 638
- quantiles of, 629, 630
- standard, 181182, 493
- test for, 237, 302
- unit, 182, 493
- use of, 494
- variate generation, 480, 494
- Normalization (for clustering):
- percentile, 86
- range, 8586
- variance, 85
- weight, 85
- Normalizing constant, 603
- Normal quantilequantile plot, 198, 237, 303, 305, 307, 335, 350, 356, 363, 364, 366, 378, 385
- interpretation of, 199, 200
- Nortons theorem, 614
- Notices, event, 408
- Number of jobs in a queue, 511
- vs. in system, 511
- vs. system, distribution of, 619
- vs. time in system, 512
- Observation method, 386387
- Observations:
- correlated, 430431
- missing, 360366
- in monitors, 104105
- paired, 209
- system, 102
- unpaired, 209210
- Observer, 102
- Omega interconnection networks, 289290
- Omega transformation, 261
- Onefactoratatime designs, 279
- Onefactor experimental designs
- with equal sample sizes, 327341
- ANOVA table for, 333
- with unequal sample sizes, 337342
- ANOVA table for, 338, 340
- Onesided confidence intervals, 213215
- for means, 219
- for proportions, 219
- Onestep behavior, 551
- Online graphic displays, 418
- Online monitors, 95
- Open models, 400401
- Open queueing networks, 547548, 551
- analysis of, 570, 572, 575579
- Operating systems:
- ARGUS, 230232, 239, 240, 256
- CPM, 282
- MSDOS, 70, 282
- PRIMOS, 452
- UNIX, xii, 230, 231, 256, 282, 359
- VMS, 359
- WANG VS, 324
- Operational laws, 555568
- definition, 556
- Operationally testable assumptions, 555
- Operational quantities, 555
- Operations Research Society of America (ORSA), 10
- Operators, live, 132
- Optimization:
- of code, 114, 120
- of I/O, 114
- of paging, 114
- Optimizer, program, 192
- Ordered linked list, 409
- Ordered qualitative variable, 140
- Organizations, professional, 8
- ORSA, 10
- Orthogonal vectors, 77, 288
- Outliers, 19, 83, 85, 183, 193, 194, 265
- Output analysis techniques for simulations, 502
- Overflow counter, 97
- Overflow of buffers in monitors, 97
- Overhead, monitor, 94
- Overlapping pain, 468472
- Page faults, 120
- Paging
- algorithms, 382, 404
- optimization, 114
- performance, 383385
- study, 382385, 389
- Paired observations, 209
- P2 algorithms for percentiles, 196
- Parallelism
- in space, 354
- in time, 354
- Parallel simulation, 504
- Parameters, 17, 23, 204207
- confidence intervals for, 229232, 240, 241, 246, 249, 298299, 335337, 351353, 374379
- estimation, 223226, 284285, 294, 328, 346, 370
- regression, 223
- validation, 421
- for workloads, 83
- Pareto distribution, 201, 495
- use of, 495
- variate generation, 477, 495
- Partial factorial designs, 18
- Pascal, 359
- program for random number generation, 443
- program for sieve benchmark, 53
- routines for simulation, 503
- as a simulation language, 402
- Pascal distribution, 495496
- use of, 495
- variate generation, 480, 496
- pdf, see Probability density function (pdf), skewed
- PDF, see Probability distribution function
- PDP11/70 processor, xii, 167, 361, 365
- Percentages, ratio games with, 169170
- Percentile normalization, 86
- Percentiles, 194, 195, 197
- Performance:
- conferences, 8
- evaluation, see Evaluation
- journals, 89, 10
- projects, 11
- requirements, setting, 4043
- tuning, 123
- Performance evaluation
- art of, 7
- mistakes in, 1429
- Performance Evaluation Review, 8
- Performance monitoring, 108
- Period of generators, 438
- Pictograms, 148
- Pictorial games, 146149
- Pie chart, 144, 146
- Pipes, remote, 2527
- Plotting random quantities, 147148
- pmf, see Probability mass function
- Poisson arrivals, 508
- bulk, 509
- Poisson distributed variable, 261
- Poisson distribution, 201, 496
- use of, 486, 493, 496
- variate generation, 480, 496
- Poisson processes/streams, 201, 496, 516517
- properties of, 517
- Polar method, 494
- PollaczekKhinchin (PK) mean value formula, 541
- Polynomial:
- characteristic, 445
- generator, 320
- primitive, 445, 468
- Population size, 508
- Possession, single resource, 552
- Power, metric, 36
- Power transformation, 262
- PPS (packets per second), 38, 524
- Predictability of random numbers, 456
- Predicted responses, confidence intervals for, 232234, 240, 241, 246, 250, 299301
- Prediction beyond measured range, 268
- Predictors, 221, 276
- categorical, 254257
- correlated, 268
- too many, 269269
- Preempt and Resume, Last Come First Served, 509, 551
- Presentation of data, 20, 25, 102, 106108, 139163
- Priceperformance ratio, 58
- Primary factors, 276
- Primitive polynomials, 445, 449, 459, 468
- Primitive trinomials, 449
- PRIMOS operating system, 452
- Principalcomponent analysis, 7680, 175
- Principal factor, 77
- Print server, 568
- Probabilistic models, 400
- Probability density function (pdf), 180, 181. See also Distributions; particular distributions
- skewed, 186
- Probability distribution function (PDF), 180, 181. See also Distributions; particular distributions
- Probability mass function (pmf), 180. See also Distributions; particular distributions
- Probability theory, 179
- Probe points, 98, 104
- Probing, 104
- Problem(s):
- in capacity planning, 125
- with clustering, 9091, 175
- of multicollinearity, 253254
- Procedure call, remote, 26, 230232
- Processes:
- arrival, 507508, 551
- birthdeath, 516, 519522
- continuousstate, 515516
- discrete state, 515516
- Markov, 516
- Poisson, 201, 496, 516517
- relationship among, 517
- stochastic, 515517
- types of, 515517
- Processing kernel, 50
- Z80 Processor, xii, 275, 276, 279, 281
- Z8002 Processor, 167, 360, 361, 365
- 68000 Processor, xii, 275, 276, 281, 282, 359, 360, 361, 365, 367
- 8080 Processor, 166, 276
- 8086 Processor, xii, 275, 281, 282, 359
- 80286 Processor, 282
- Processor comparison study, 357
- Processors:
- 68000, xii, 275, 276, 281, 282, 359, 360, 361, 365, 367
- 8080, 166, 276
- 8086, xii, 275, 281, 282, 359
- 80286, 282
- C/70, 167, 360, 361, 365
- HP9000/840, 354
- Intel iAPX 432, 358, 359
- PDP11/70, xii, 167, 360, 361, 365
- RISCI, 167, 360, 361365
- VAX11/780, xii, 167, 359, 360, 361, 365
- Z80, xii, 275, 276, 279, 281
- 6502, xxvii, 166
- Z8002, 167, 360, 361, 365
- Processor sharing, 509, 551
- Productform networks, 548552
- Productivity metrics, 34
- Professional organizations, see Organizations, professional
- Profile:
- execution, 113
- resource usage, 68
- Profile report, 113
- Program(s):
- efficiency of, 115, 120
- execution monitors, 111114 design, 112
- instrumentation, 113, 175
- measurement techniques, 113
- optimizer, 191, 192
- performance improvement, 114, 115116
- synthetic, 5051
- text formatting, 322
- usage in educational environments, 74
- Program execution, monitor design, 112
- Projection validation, 126
- Projects, performance, 11
- Proportions, 215
- confidence intervals for, 215216
- sample size for determining, 217218
- Pseudorandom numbers, 438
- PS (processor sharing), 551
- Puzzle benchmark, 50, 167, 359, 360, 361, 365
- QNET4, 402
- Qualitative variables, 140
- ordered, 140
- unordered, 140
- Quantile(s), 181. See also Percentiles
- of chisquare distribution, 632633, 638
- of F distribution, 634, 638
- of KS (KolmogorovSmirnov) distribution, 637
- of normal distribution, 198, 629, 630, 638
- of t distribution, 631
- Quantilequantile plots, 198, 202, 271
- Quantitative variables, 140
- continuous, 140
- discrete, 140
- Quartiles, 194
- Queue(s), 509
- analysis of, 519546
- calendar, 410
- components of, 508
- G/G/m, 544
- G/M/1, 543544
- M/D/1, 542543
- M/G/∞, 543
- M/G/1, 540541
- M/M/∞, 540
- M/M/1, 522526
- M/M/1/B, 533, 539
- M/M/m, 527534
- M/M/m/B, 534540
- M/M/m/B/K, 546
- M/M/m/K, 546
- notation, 507510
- rules for all, 509
- Queueing analysis, symbols, 624626
- Queueing approximations, mistakes in, 583
- Queueing network(s), 547554
- BCMP, 551
- closed, 547548
- large, 608620
- mixed, 548
- models of computer systems, 553
- nonproduct form, 620
- open, 547548, 551
- analysis of, 570, 572, 575579
- product form, 548552
- Queueing notation, 507510
- Queueing theory:
- introduction to, 507518
- limitations of, 620622
- Queue length, 511
- distribution of, 599600, 601, 609, 619
- mean computation, 430
- Random number, 82
- Randomnumber generation, 437458, 502, 503
- nonoverlapping streams, myths, 454
- Randomnumber generators
- combined, 451453
- desired properties of, 437439
- Fibonacci, 450
- implementing, 456
- linearcongruential, 439440
- Pascal code for, 443
- myths about, 455458
- poor, 395
- RANDU, 452
- survey of, 452453
- Tausworthe, 444450
- testing, 456, 460472, 502
- in UNIX, 453
- Random numbers, 395
- bits of, 457
- predictability of, 456
- nonoverlapping pairs, 468, 469
- nonoverlapping streams, 454
- Random variable, 179
- Randomvariate generation, 474482. See also Distributions; particular types of distributions
- technique, finding, 481
- RANDU, 452
- Range, 193, 197, 389
- Range method, 388389
- Range normalization, 8586
- Ranking method, 387
- Rat holes, 162
- Ratio(s):
- cost/performance, 40
- hit, 187
- mean of, 189192
- miss, 187
- reads to writes. 121
- visit, 558, 560
- Ratio games, 8, 165174
- with percentages, 169170
- relative performance enhancement, 168
- strategies for winning, 170173
- Ratio metrics, 35, 168
- Reaction time, 38
- Reads to writes, ratio of, 121
- Real measurements, 422
- Real variables, 140
- Real workload, 47, 128
- Reduced Instruction Set Computer, see RISC
- Reduction techniques, variance, 436, 502
- Reference, locality of, 120
- Regeneration, 433435
- cycle, 434
- method of, 434
- point, 434
- Regenerative simulations, 502
- Regenerative system, 434
- Regression analysis, 221, 244271
- assumptions, 234
- visual tests for, 234241, 266
- checklist for, 269270
- mistakes in, 266269
- Regression models, 221243, 244271
- with categorical predictors, 254257
- curvilinear, 257
- good and bad, 222
- linear, 221, 241
- multiple, 244, 245250
- simple, 221
- other, 244271
- over partial range, 268269
- predictions, confidence intervals for, 232234
- transformations for, 259
- Regression parameters, 223
- confidence intervals for, 229232, 267
- estimation of, 223226, 241, 246
- numerical values of, 266
- Regression testing, 132
- Rejection method, 476, 494
- Reliability, 34, 40, 42
- Remote pipes, 2527
- Remote procedure call, 26, 230232, 239, 256
- Remoteterminal emulation, 132133
- Remoteterminal emulator (RTE), 4, 132138, 176
- components emulated by, 133
- components of, 134
- output, 135
- Repairman model, machine, 552
- Repeatability of workloads, 69
- Repetitions, 407
- Replacement algorithm, 382
- Replication(s), 276
- 2kr factorial designs with, 294
- moving average of independent, 426427
- twofactor designs with, 368380
- Report, profile, 113
- Report generator, 408
- Representativeness, 67
- Requirements, setting, 4043
- Reservation systems, airline, 570
- Residual, see Error
- Resolution:
- design, 321326
- monitor, 94
- Resource possession:
- simultaneous, 622
- single, 552
- Resource usage profile, 68
- Response(s), 276
- Responsedependent arrivals, 621
- Response time, 4, 30, 37, 601, 616
- variability of, 36
- Response time law:
- general, 561562
- interactive, 563
- Response variable, 221, 276
- confidence intervals for, 232234, 250, 299301
- Responsiveness, 34
- resq, 402
- Results:
- presentation of, 20
- reasons for not accepting, 161162
- saleability of, 32
- 22r experimental designs, 293308
- multiplicative model for, 303308
- RISC, 12, 16, 354356
- RISC architecture (Scheme and Spectrum), 354356
- RISCI code size study, 167, 329, 365, 390
- RISCI processor, 166, 167, 360, 361, 365
- Roundrobin (RR), 509
- Routines
- event, 407
- input, 407
- trace, 408
- Routing homogeneity, 552
- RPC (remote procedure call), 26, 230232, 239, 256
- RTE, see Remoteterminal emulator
- Run length, 432
- Runs, long, 423
- Saleability of results, 32
- Sample, 203207
- mean, 183
- median, 183
- mode, 183
- standard deviation, 193, 197
- vs. population, 203204
- Sample data:
- comparing systems using, 203
- summarizing, 179
- Sample size:
- for comparing two alternatives, 18
- for determining mean, 216217
- for determining proportions, 217218
- Sample variance, 193, 197
- Sampling, 84, 113, 128
- Sampling monitors, 95
- SAS statistical package, 453
- Scale:
- in histograms, broken, 149
- ranges, selection of, 145
- Scaling, data, 85
- Scaling factor, 594, 595
- Scatter diagram(s), 76, 77, 224, 230, 231, 235, 236, 237, 238, 257, 260, 267, 303, 335, 350, 469
- Scatter plots, see Scatter diagram(s)
- Scenario, 133
- Scheduler design study, 325, 387, 390
- Scheduling:
- CPU, 404
- simulation of, 407, 423424, 428430, 433
- events, 503
- Scheme RISC architecture, 354356
- Schrages method, 442, 444
- Schumacher charts, 160, 176
- Schweitzers approximation, 580, 581, 583
- Script, 133
- SCS, see Society for Computer Simulations
- Secondary factors, 276
- Seed(s), 395, 438
- independence, 420
- selection of, 395, 453455, 456
- table of, 455
- Selftime, 113
- SemiInterquartile Range (SIQR), 194195, 197
- Sequence:
- Fibonacci, 450
- Tausworthe, 444, 446
- Serialcorrelation test, 465
- Serial test, 468470
- Server(s):
- central, 552
- file, 200, 568, 572573
- infinite, 551
- print, 568
- Service center(s), 509
- fixedcapacity, 553, 570, 575, 576, 577, 609
- flow equivalent, 611
- loaddependent, 554, 608, 609, 610
- Service discipline(s), 509, 551
- fair, 552
- first come, first served (FCFS), 509, 541, 551
- last come, first served (LCFS), 509
- with preempt and resume (LCFSPR), 509, 551
- processor sharing (PS), 551
- in random order (SIRO), 541
- Services, 23, 26, 62
- Service times:
- distribution, 509, 551
- nonexponential, 620621
- statedependent, 551
- Shift register(s):
- generalized feedback, 448449, 503
- linear feedback, 446
- Shorted model, 614, 615, 618
- SIAM, 9, 10
- Sieve benchmark, 50, 52, 175, 345, 346, 357, 359
- Pascal listing for, 53
- SIGMETRICS, 8
- Signaling theory, 262
- Significance level, 204207
- Sign table, 286, 292
- for 2kp experimental design, 316317
- SIGSIM, 9
- Simple designs, 18, 279280
- Simple linear regression, 221
- SIMPL/I system, 452
- SIMSCRIPT, 402, 403, 452, 502
- SIMULA, 402, 403, 409, 416, 453, 502
- listing of Ackermanns function, 53
- Simulation:
- of computer networks, 414415
- of CPU scheduling, 433
- types of, 403408
- concurrent, 503
- continuous, 403
- discrete event, 403, 406408
- emulation, 403
- event driven, 403, 407
- knowledgebased, 503, 504
- Monte Carlo, 403
- multistream, 454
- nonregenerative, 434
- parallel, 503
- regenerative, 434, 502
- static, 403404
- terminating, 428430
- trace driven, 404406, 502
- Simulation analysis, 393412, 413436
- failure, causes of, 395397
- mistakes in, 393395
- when to use, 31
- Simulation books, 502503
- Simulation clock, 407
- Simulation language(s), 401403, 416, 502
- CSMP, 403
- DYNAMO, 403
- FORTRAN as a, 402
- GASP, 402, 403, 409, 502
- GPSS, 402, 409, 502
- Pascal as a, 402
- selection of, 401403
- SIMSCRIPT, 402, 403, 452, 502
- SIMULA, 402, 403, 409, 453, 502
- Simulation length, 395, 430
- Simulation output analysis, 413, 502
- Simulation packages, 402
- QNET4, 402
- RESQ, 402
- Simulation team, 397
- Simultaneous resource possession, 622
- Sine transformation, arc, 261
- Singleparameter histogram, 75
- Singleresource possession, 552
- SIQR (SemiInterquartile Range), 194195, 197
- SIRO (service in, random order), 541
- 6502 processor, xxvii, 166
- 68000 processor, xii, 275, 276, 280, 359, 360, 361, 366, 367
- Sizing, system, 124125
- Skewed distribution, 183, 185, 186
- left, 183
- right, 183
- Skewness, 185
- coefficient of, 197
- of device demands, 128
- Skills:
- for simulation, 397
- social, 2021
- substantive, 2021
- Slow creation, law of, 121
- SMART goals, 42, 396
- Social skills, 2021
- Society for Computer Simulations (SCS), 9, 503
- Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, see SIAM
- Software monitors, 95, 175
- vs. hardware monitors, 98100, 101
- Soliciting, by monitors, 105
- Spanning tree method, minimum, 87
- SPEC benchmark suite, 58
- SPECmark, 59
- SPECthruput, 59
- Spectral test, 470472
- Spectrum RISC architecture, 354356
- Speed, 34, 42
- Spice benchmark, 58
- Square criterion, least, 223
- Squareroot transformation, 259
- Squares, sum of, 226, 287
- SSE (sum of squared errors), 223, 225, 228, 295, 296, 297, 299, 331332, 348, 373
- SS0, 227, 297, 331332, 348, 373
- SSR, 227
- SST (sum of squares total), 226227, 287, 296, 297, 331332, 348, 373
- SSY, 227, 297, 331332, 348, 373
- Stability condition, 511
- Standard deviation, 180, 193, 197
- vs. hardware monitors
- errors, 228
- test for constant, 238
- of parameters, 246
- Standard error, 205
- of sample mean, 219
- Standard normal distribution, 181
- State:
- continuous, 399
- discrete, 399
- steady, 129130, 395, 401, 413, 423, 428, 520, 621
- transient, 129130, 423
- Statedependent service, 551
- State probabilities, 595, 604, 607
- State transition diagram, 81
- for birthdeath processes, 520
- for M/M/m/B queues, 535
- for M/M/m queues, 527
- for M/M/1 queues, 522
- Static models, 400
- Static simulation, 403404
- Statistical package, SAS, 453
- Statistical tables, 627638
- approximation formulas for, 638
- Statistics, 204207
- basic concepts, 179
- misuse of, 271
- Steady state, 395, 520
- Steadystate performance, 423
- Steadystate probability, of birthdeath
- process, 520
- Stochastic model, 10
- Stochastic processes, 515517
- relationship among, 518
- Stopping criteria, 430431
- Storage, dynamic allocation of, 404
- Storage systems, benchmarking, 176
- Strategies, ratio game, 170173
- Streams:
- nonoverlapping, 454
- Poisson, 201
- Stressload analysis, 132
- Stretch factor, 38
- Structured walkthrough, 416417
- Students t distribution, see t distribution
- Subsample, 427
- Substantive skills, 2021
- data, 179, 182, 197
- variability, 192
- Sum of squared errors, see SSE
- Sum of squares total, see SST
- SUT (system under test), 61, 62, 133
- Symbols, queueing analysis, 624626
- Symbols in charts, 144
- Synthetic programs, 5051
- Synthetic workload, 47
- System, 4
- balanced, 585
- end, 35
- finite buffer, 534540
- finite population, 546
- intermediate, 35
- vs. queue, 511, 512
- regenerative, 434
- System capacity, 509
- System console, 102103
- System crashes, time between, 214
- System integration, 132
- System management, 103
- System observation, 102
- System parameters, 17, 23
- System performance evaluation cooperative (SPEC), 58
- Systems:
- airline reservation, 570
- banking, 5657, 570
- batch, 594
- comparison of, 203220
- several, 327
- two, 18, 208209
- database, 6, 12, 201, 242
- distributed, 101109, 200, 568
- information, 242
- magnetic tape, 6566
- memory management, 311, 622
- multiprocessor, 40, 527
- storage, 176
- text formatting, 322
- timesharing, 62, 568, 602607
- transaction processing, 569, 570, 591
- word processing, 388
- System sizing, 124125
- System under test (SUT), 61, 62, 133
- Table(s):
- seeds, 455
- sign, 286, 292, 316317
- statistical, 627638
- approximation formulas for, 638
- Taguchi method, 390
- Tail, 438
- Tape backup system, magnetic, 6566
- Tausworthe generators, 444450
- disadvantage of, 449
- Tausworthe sequence, 468
- t distribution, 497
- quantiles of, 631
- use of, 497
- variate generation, 497
- Terminating simulations, 428430
- Terminology:
- experimental design, 275278
- workload characterization, 7190
- Test(s):
- chisquare, 461462
- consistency, 420
- for constant variance, 237, 302
- continuity, 418419
- for correct initialization, 236
- degeneracy, 419
- F, 251, 298, 333
- hypothesis, 213
- for independent errors, 235, 302, 324
- KS (KolmogorovSmirnov), 462465
- for linear relationship, 235
- for normality, 237, 302
- for randomnumber generators, 456, 460
- serial, 468470
- serialcorrelation, 465
- spectral, 470472
- statistical, 271
- ttest, 209211
- twolevel, 466467
- for zero mean, 207208, 216
- Testing:
- hypothesis, 213
- regression, 132
- Test workload, 47, 128, 175
- Text formatting programs, 322
- Theorems:
- central limit, 182
- ChandyHerzogWoo, 615
- Nortons, 614
- Think time, 134, 553, 622
- Threequarter high rule, 146
- Throughput, 38, 616
- Time:
- inherited, 113
- vs. number in queue, 512513
- parallelism in, 354
- between system crashes, 214
- Tuneadvancing mechanisms, 407, 503
- Time in queue, vs. time in system, 512513
- Timeliness, 68
- Timerateresource metrics, 34
- Timer interrupt, 96
- Timesharing systems, 62, 568, 602607
- Time to failure, 40
- Tomcatv benchmark, 59
- Topdown design, 414416
- Towers of Hanoi benchmark, 167, 360, 361, 367
- TPC benchmark, xii, 58
- TPC (Transaction Processing Performance Council), xii, 58
- TPS (transactions per second), 4, 38, 57
- Trace, 67, 94, 404, 417
- event, 418
- mode, 96
- routines, 408
- Tracedriven simulations, 404406, 502
- advantages of, 405
- disadvantages of, 406
- Tracing, 111, 113
- Tradeoff evaluation, 31
- Traffic intensity, 522
- Train arrivals, 621
- Transaction Processing Performance Council
- (TPC), xii, 58
- Transaction processing systems, 569, 570, 591
- Transactions per second, see TPS
- Transformation(s), 83, 84, 259265, 271
- determining, 260
- inverse, 474476
- log, 260261
- omega, 261
- power, 262
- squareroot, 259, 261
- to stabilize the variance, 262
- Transient:
- performance, 129130
- removal, 423
- Transient analysis, 621
- Transient state, 130, 423
- Transition probability matrix, 81, 82, 559
- Trap instruction, 96
- Treatment, 276
- Tree, minimum spanning, 87
- Tree structures, 410, 411
- Triangular distribution, 480
- troff, 322
- TRS80, 109
- Truncated exponential distribution, 523524, 531
- Truncation method, 424
- ttest:
- paired, 209
- unpaired, 210
- Tuning, performance, 111, 123
- Turnaround time, 38
- Twofactor experimental designs
- multiplicative models for, 353359
- with replications, 368380
- ANOVA table, 374
- without replications, 343367
- ANOVA table, 349
- 2k experimental designs, 280, 283292
- 2kp experimental designs, 314326
- 2kr experimental designs, 293313
- 22r experimental designs, 293, 309
- Twolevel tests, 466467
- Uniform distribution (discrete)
- use of, 498
- variate generation, 498
- Uniformity, kdimensional, 467470
- Unimodal distributions, 183
- Unittime approach, 407
- UNIX operating system, xii, 230232, 256, 282, 359
- random number generator, 453
- Unordered qualitative variables. 140
- Unpaired observations, 209210
- Unrepresentative workload, 16
- Unstable model, 401
- Unverified models, 394
- Uptime, 40
- Usable capacity, 39, 125
- User participation in analysis, 397
- Users, 125
- Utility classification of metrics, 40
- Utilization, 34, 39, 601, 602, 603, 606, 616
- law, 556
- use for validation, 130
- Validation
- of Amdahls law, 257, 258
- of assumptions, 421
- baseline, 126
- of conclusions, 421
- of measured data, 32, 130
- of parameters, 421
- projection, 126
- rules for, 32
- of simulation models, 420421
- using utilization, 130
- Variability, 19
- of metrics, 35
- of response time, 36
- summarizing, 192
- Variables, types of, 140
- continuous, 140
- discrete, 140
- predictor, 221, 269
- qualitative, 140
- quantitative, 140
- random, 179
- response, 221
- Variance, 180, 193, 197, 287
- intergroup, 87
- intragroup, 87
- of queue length, 593
- of sample mean, 181, 430431
- of sums, 181
- test for constant, 302
- Variance estimation, 430431
- Variance normalization, 85
- Variance reduction, 436, 502, 503
- Variate, 437
- Variate generation, 474482
- Variation, 226, 286291
- allocation of, 226228, 295298, 331332, 347348, 372374
- coefficient of, 181, 197
- difference from variance, 287
- VAX11/780 processor, xii, 167, 359, 365
- Vectors, orthogonal, 77
- Verification, of models, 413414
- Visit ratio, 558, 560
- Visual tests:
- for confidence intervals, 211212
- for equality, 211212
- for experimental designs, 302303, 309, 334, 366, 379
- for regression, 234241, 266
- VMS operating system, 359
- Waiting time, mean, 429
- Walkthrough, structured, 416417
- WANG VS operating system, 324
- Weibull distribution, 498
- use of, 498
- variate generation, 477, 499
- Weighted Euclidean distance, see Euclidean distance
- Weight normalization, 85
- Whetstone benchmark, 54, 55
- Word processing systems, 388
- Workload, 4, 24
- characterization, 7190, 175
- using accounting logs, 121
- using average values, 74
- component, 72
- for computer networks, 6365
- features, 72
- loading level of, 69
- parameters, 17, 23, 72
- real, 128
- selection, 6069
- test, 128
- types of, 47, 4852
- Workload unit, 72, 125
- Workstation
- design, 275276
- emulation, 138, 176
- Writes, ratio of reads to, 121
- Zero mean, testing for, 207208
- Z80 processor, xii, 275, 276, 279, 281
- 6502 processors, 166
- Z8002 processor, 167, 360, 361, 365